stem cells

Human brain is two separate organs, Stanford Medicine-led research findsstanford.edu

Stanford researchers discovered that the human brain develops from two separate progenitor lineages—one for forebrain/midbrain (Otx2) and one for hindbrain (Gbx2)—and used this insight to grow functional hindbrain neurons from pluripotent stem cells. This breakthrough provides a platform for studying brain‑stem diseases such as SMA and ALS and reshapes our understanding of brain evolution.